Letter to Newly Married Couple on Interpersonal Communication

Letter to Newly Married Couple on Interpersonal Communication Jacovah Ling Joan Golding 08/25/2014 Letter to Newly Married Couple on Interpersonal Communication Dear Dave and Sally, It is with great pleasure that I take this opportunity to share with you some of the critical elements that will be effective in addressing the issue of interpersonal communications in your new relationship. Indeed the value of personal interpersonal communications cannot be undermined because life is all about†¦show more content†¦That be as it may, there are also instances when more communication will always be better. The key point to remember is to make evaluations on instances when more communication is better and counterproductive. This will make your interpersonal communication highly effective (Gaertner, 2010). The next element of interpersonal communication that is essential for your understanding is that it can both be intentional and unintentional. Most people and couples think that communication must only be ‘intentional’. This is not true. Even when we are not talking, we are always communicating because there are so many ways of communicating other than speaking and writing. Our facial expressions, moods and body language will always send out more meaning than word. This implies that the non-verbal communication serves to betray the verbal communication such that even though we may be saying one thing, there is a high possibility that our body language could be sending different signals to the other partner. Thus, even as you relate intentionally, it is also important to remember that there are those signals that are being received by your partner even though you are sending them unconsciously. As a new couple, it is ensure that you do not unintentionally communicate wh at you did not wish to do so. Interpersonal correspondence is transactional in nature. It is a procedure in which Transmission and gathering happen all the while and source andShow MoreRelatedletter of advice com 200 wk 51575 Words   |  7 Pagesto effectively communicate in your relationship. In taking an interpersonal communication course, I have learned several concepts that I would like to share with you throughout this letter. I feel that it is only right that I share information I have learned for the marriage you have ahead. I know that you are newly engaged, and this information will prove to be of use in your relationship. It is important that interpersonal communication become the building blocks between both parties. This will highlyRead MorePersonal Statement On Listening And Recognizing The Power Of Words2363 Words   |  10 Pagesthat you two are newly married, and was told I was taking a course in Interpersonal Communication and you both are seeking suggestions and advice regarding your relationship. 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As  the  district  manager  responsible  for  six  stores  in  a  large  electronics  retail  chain,  you  have  had  difficulty  with  the  performance  of  some  sales  staff.  Although  they  are  initially  motivated  and  generally  have  good  interpersonal  skills,  many  have  difficulty  with  the  complex  knowledge  of  the  diverse  range  of  store  products,  ranging  from  computers  to  high  fidelity  sound  systems.  Describe  three  strategies  you  might  apply  to  improve  the  match  between  the  competencies  of  new  sales  staff  and  the  job  requirementsRead MoreScribd Essay14644 Words   |  59 PagesAdministration-MBA Semester 1MB0038 – Management Process and Organization BehaviorQ.1 Write a note on the managerial roles and skills? ANS:According to Mintzberg (1973), managerial roles are as follows: 1. Informational roles2. Decisional roles3. 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A Broken Taboo Free Essays

Several weeks ago the news about tragic death of a famous talented Hollywood actor of Australian origin Heath Ledger shook the world up. The 28-year-old actor is widely known for many roles, including his work in a controversial movie Brokeback Mountain, directed by a Far Eastern filmmaker Ang Lee. This movie became a milestone motion picture in the whole history of Hollywood, which sparked a lot of criticism and public debates. We will write a custom essay sample on A Broken Taboo or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the first time in cinema art male homosexual relationships were shown with a great frankness and openness, and there are certain concerns that breaking this taboo can have some far-reaching negative ethical consequences in the nearest future. The plot of the movie is based on complex and unorthodox love affair between two young cowboys, who were hired by a Wyoming ranch owner as herds, so they had to spend several months in isolation on the Mountain of Brokeback. Within this time a special bond was developed between the two men, which eventually evolved into a deep emotional and physical relationship. After finishing their job, the cowboys separated and started living their lives, had families, but the unique feelings they shared on the Brokeback Mountain were left as scars on their hearts to be carried on to the rest of their lives. Certainly, it was not the first motion picture featuring male homosexuality. Such movie stars as Antonio Banderas, Jason Alexander or Tom Hanks have portrayed homosexual characters before. But it is hardly possible to disagree that Brokeback Mountain demonstrated more frank and intimate sides of gay relationships which have been never shown on cinema screens to general public before. In my opinion, the movie with its several scenes involving affectionate embraces, a kiss, and so on, had too close focus on physical aspects of gay relationships, which were always skipped in modern media, especially in cinema art. That is why public reaction on Brokeback Mountain was absolutely contradictive. While many liberal critics and art specialists in America and Europe were pleased with the depth of the plot, good acting, music and high-quality production, many social activists from Christian fundamentalist or Family-oriented social groups expressed their concern about possible negative effects (especially on teenagers and youth) of publicizing male homosexual relations. Moreover, since homosexuality is a terrible irremissible crime in Islam, in more conservative and religious countries of the Middle and Far East, including the director’s homeland Taiwan, the film was banned or censored. Undoubtedly, Brokeback Mountain was not a cheap â€Å"B† movie. Many were fascinated with convictive acting of young Hollywood performers, and numerous awards received by the cast are the best recognition of this work. Besides, the movie teaches being tolerant and respectful to the feelings of other people. Nevertheless, with its too forthright covering of homosexual relationships, this motion picture can become the first step on the way to more frequent and freer employment of gay themes in modern cinema, as well as to more open popularization of the idea of male homosexual love. Certainly, it will affect our moral principles and aesthetic sensibility to a great extent. Brokeback Mountain is a multifaceted, unusual and quite difficult movie which evokes strong emotions and makes the viewers empathize. But the question remaining after viewing this screen version of a tragic story about gay cowboys is: whether our society is really ready to enjoy watching such relationship or not? Will the majority of us find beauty in male homosexual intimacy? In my opinion, the answer is not clear enough, because certain moral stereotypes and traditional values are still very strong in our modern society, even in such open-minded country as the U.S. Works Cited: Harris, Paul. â€Å"Hollywood to Break Last Taboo with Gay Cowboys.† The Guardian. Guardian Unlimited. 18 Jan. 2004. 11 Feb. 2008 http://www.guardian.co.uk/gayrights/story/0,12592,1125664,00.html. How to cite A Broken Taboo, Papers

Development of Tourism Industry

Questions: Part A 1. Explain what you understand about the concepts and practices discussed in the two given papers, 2. Comparing the two papers, which paper/author's view do you find more persuasive, and why? 3. Are there any other journal papers written surrounding the topic, which support your views? Give examples and why? Part B 1. Based on your understanding of the literature (from part of the assignment), relate the literature findings to your own experience or one company's practice (case study) to discuss the significance/impacts of the concept/practice. Answers: Introduction Tourism industry is flourishing due to increase in the travel destination sports by the travellers from different parts of the world. The industry generates high rate of income and creates more employment opportunities for the nation. However the challenge within the industry has tremendously increased. This has been one of the reasons the exports analyses the reason for the changes that needs to be introduced for increasing the tourism industry performance. In this process, the challenges and opportunities within the industry has been analyzed. Through this process, the management analyses the challenges and develop effective strategies through which the changes can be implemented. In order to find the impact of the tourism industry the comparison of the industry has been due from two research papers. Part A: 1. Concepts of the papers In destination and enterprise management for a tourism future by Dwyer el a., 2009 the relevance of the tourism has been highlighted. The author highlights the kept factors for the tourism industry which enables the authorities to identify and deal with the required changes through which the tourism industry can be improved. The key driving force for the country varies and the development of the truism industry depends upon many factors. As per the author the level of competition in the travel industry has tremendously increased, and this forced the authorities to improve the strategies through which development of the industry can be introduced. The need for tourism stakeholders has increased and this has increased the need for improving the tourism industry through which the economic condition of the country can be improved (Buhalis, 2000). Through strategic planning it is possible to identify the direction in which the tourism industry needs to be moved, as this will enable the authorities to introduce the required changes for improving the performance. Modern tourism has been integrated with different sectors that function towards upgrading the economic condition of the nation. The key driving forces for the improving the tourism industry has to be analyzed and the challenges involved with the process has to be implemented in an effective manner. The issues with the complex tourism industry can help the management or the authorities to introduce effective strategies through which the required changes can be implemented (Taylor Chesworth, 2005) Due to globalization and industrial development the tourism industry has been boosted. Through this method, demand for effective and impressive travel deals has increased across the world. The author has empathized the challenges and importance of the Australian tourism industry. Through this paper the relevance of the innovative tourism has been also included into the process. This is done to help and improve the quality of services intended to be provided through the tourism industry. Destination managers along with travel operators work towards improve the quality of services and avoid the strategic drift which can affect the plan for tourism plan (Stern, 2006). The second paper is on marketing the competitive destination of the future authored by Dr. Dimitrios Buhalis. The author focuses on the destination marketing, which is considered to be an important factor for improving the level of competition that exists in the industry. Destinations and its relevance need to be defined as this will help in the improvement of the services that is intended to be provided by different tourism industries in the world. The author has tried to synthesis the relevance of different medals that is being used for the strategic marketing or the management of different destinations that is located across the world (Kotler et al., 2010). Marketing plans an important role in the business development and introduction of new and better strategies through which the changes can be introduced. Such factors form an important part of the sustainable plan that has been drafted and implemented by the management of the tourism industry. Destinations are defined through the relevance of the products and services, which is due through partnership deal. The partnership deals are entered between the tourism industry and public or the private companies that works towards the development of the industry. The cost for the tourism has been reduced due to the advent of better technology through which the essential changes within the business management process has been developed and implemented. The costs associated with enhancing the tourism costs has been reduced as well. Destination marketing is an important concept as this will help in reaching out to maximum number of clients from different parts of the market (Lusensky, 2011). 2. Persuasive data The work conducted by Dr. Dimitrios Buhalis is more persuasive as compared to the other one. The strategies are drafted after analyzing the tourism policies that exists worth different countries. In this process, the relevance for the regional development and the strategic plan has been also included. Such factors are expected to positively impact the marketing strategies adopted for promoting destination marketing. In the first paper authored by Dwyer el a., 2009 the relevance of researching data for evaluating the competitive edge or situation exiting in the industry has been analyses. Different counters adopt various types of strategies that are meant to help the management in introducing the better strategies for improving the performance of the tourism industry. For this, the graphical data was collected by the management, through which the necessary information related to the promotion of the tourism industry has been analyzed. Through this method, the challenges and other factors associated with the implementation of the process for marketing of the services have been analyses. The research has been done from the future point of view, and the required changes within the system has been planned and introduced by the authorities. As per the author the future changes are unpredictable, however the strategies and policies can be developed with an intention of developing better strategies thro ugh which the changes within the system can be implemented (McCarhty et al., 2010). The author states that there are no single driving forces that can encourage or impact the industry, by itself. In order to analyses the relevance of the marketing strategies, the author conducts a PEST analysis through which the changes within the marketing policies can be analyzed and introduced in an effective manner. The global driving forces for improving the performance of the tourism industry has been analyzed and presented through the work (Slattery, 2009). In the second paper by Dr. Dimitrios Buhalis the relevance for promoting tourism has been given to the marketing facilities adopted for destination promotion. The process followed by truism industry from different parts of the world has been streamlined. This has bend ne with an intention of improving the quality of services intended to be provided to the client. The complex situation has been analyzed by the author to find the different factors that can affect the performance of the company (Gustavo, 2013). The author states that the destination marketing is based on the experience and research method. Such factors enable the management of the tourism industry to find the better deals and offer the clients with the best possible services. In this process, the needs of the clients from different markets are analyzed, and the collected data are used for the defying an effective policy for improving the performance. In order to understand the relevance of the destination marketing, the author has conducted strategic analyses where the complexity of the stakeholders and the industry has been analyzed. The demand of the customers and the changing phase of the industry have been analyzed for improving the quality of services intended to be provided to the clients. The paper conducts research on the main markets and the destination choices have been included in the research work. The destination marketing depends upon the different types of destinations that has been developed and introduced for the travellers. In this case, the author has analyzed the relevance of each one of them ( Hall, 2000). Such factors play an important role in developing and implementing effective strategies through which the changes for the destination marketing can be implemented. In this process, the challenges involved with the task of marketing have to be analyzed, as this will help in implementing effective strategies for successful business conduct. 3. Another journal The article penned by Larry Dwyer and Ray Spur has been included in this work. As per the authored the tourism industry is developing and this has contributed towards the economic development of the nation. In this process the growth and the methods that is intended to be followed by the management has to be analyzed, as this will help in improving the performance for the industry. Due to advanced technology and increase in the demand form the customers, the changes related to tourism industry has become quite important. In this process, the authorities expect future growth which will improve the economic behavior for the nation. In order to attract more clients, the companies are now working towards developing more destination plans through which the changes can be introduced (Holjevac, 2003). Conclusion Developmental plan are essential for the improving the performance of the tourism industry in the globe. In this process, the changes intended to be implemented has to analyze and corrective measures has to be introduced. This will help in improving the performance and overpower the challenges that exist in the industry. Through the process, the changes intended to be implemented by the authorities can be planned and introduced by the authorities. Part 2: Literature review Introduction The challenge involved with the promotional activities for the tourism industry has to be analyzed as this will help in implementing the change through which the best products can be promoted to the clients. In this process, the challenges and other factors that are associated with the project exciting has to be analyzed. This will help in reaching out maximum number of clients and service the members with the better options (IPCC, 2007). As per the presentation made by Dwyer on the tourism industry the author states the relevance of the conducting strategic management plan for improving the tourism industry. The leaders of the tourism industry play a key role in improving the quality of services that has been proposed to be rendered to the travellers from different parts of the world. In order to promote tourism it is necessary to develop strategic plans which include analyzing the challenges related to the tourism industry. In this process the plans for implementing the strategic changes has to be analyzed and introduced in an effective manner. Through this process, it is possible to approach the clients from the global market. The good management practice includes analyzing the changing global tourism needs and improving the strategies that would be considered to be useful for upgrading the services (Kang et al., 2012). For this the external factors that and directly impact the performance of the tourism industry has to be analyzed. This includes evaluating the external environmental factors that can directly impact the business performance. The cross function decision has plays an important role in the development of the company and in introducing the changes that are considered to be essential for the management purpose. The challenges faced by the private and public enterprises impacts the business performance directly and thus the changes and the challenges involved with the process have to be analyses. Through this method, the factors that can affect the business performance of the tourism industry needs to be analyses and introduced in an effective manner by the authorities (Abrate eta l., 2012). As per the author, it is necessary to conduct the target marketing system through which the changes within the system can be introduced. In this process, the challenges expected to be faced by the tourism industry is analyzed. Improper customer service is one of the major factors that impact the performance of the tourism industry. In this case, it is necessary to analyses the challenges that exists in the industry and develop effective strategies for handling the issues. The demand for destinations from the travellers is increasing. This is one of the reasons the demand for the effective marketing strategies are expected to be developed and implemented by the management. In this process, the challenges existing with the industry has been analyzed, as this would help in increasing the performance. Services provided by the industry are customer rented as this would help in approaching the clients and convincing for the sales of the products and services sold by the company (Becerra et al., 2004). Risk management is another important factor through which the changes or the challenges involved with the process are analyses. Through this method, different factors that are related to risks are analyzed. This would help in improving the business performance and help the authorities to handle the risks involved with the system. In order to handle the situation, it is necessary to train the staffs and improve the work ability through which the changes can be introduced by the management. In this process, the business attempt to minimize the losses that are bound to incur in the process of business management. In this method, different factors that can impact the business performance and the challenges related to demand handling and others are closely evaluated. This would help in improving the performance for the company (Cavlek, 2010). As per D. Buhalis for Tourism Managements the tourism industry depends upon the competition that exists in the industry. Due to increase in the demands from the clients, and constant policy changes made by the authorities, it is possible for selected few industries to sustain the tough competition that exists in the industry. The strategic plan for developing the industry and venturing new market has to be planned and introduced in an effective manner. For this, the management is expected to address the issues that are faced by the management at the time of introducing new travel products for the clients. Tourism strategies need to concentrate on different factors like visitation and evaluating the impact of the overcrowding, visitor safety, environmental problem, and other factors. Through this method it is possible to analyses the sensibility of the issue and develop better strategies through which the issues can be overpowered by the management. This is one of the reasons, it beca me important for the authorities to develop comprehensive strategies through which the required changes within the injury can be introduced (Dwyer, 2005). The other challenge associated with the promotion of the tourism industry is with the adoption of different methods through which the marketing strategies for the industry can be adopted and implemented. For this, it is necessary to highlight the rich culture and other tradition through which the required changes related to the promotional activities can be introduced. The developmental program involved with the methods has to be analyzed as this will help in improving the production activities. Through marketing strategies the management attempts to analyses the challenges that exist with approaching to the clients. Through this process, it is possible for the management to analyses the challenges and introduces effective strategies through which the changes for the business or industry improvement can be introduced. The tourism developmental plan has to be analyzed and prepared in an effective manner. Through this method it is possible to introduce the required changes through whic h the production process can be improved by the management. For this it is necessary to develop and introduce effective life cycle analysis process, which would help in the business development process (Cetron, 2001). As per Gustavo 2013 it is necessary to prepare effective strategies through which the promotional activities for the industry to approach the clients. The marketing strategies needs to include tend entails of the type of services that are intended to be provided to the clients. The process for the booking services and analyzing the requirements of the clients has to be analyses. This will help in improving the quality of services through which the changes can be implemented. The brand promotion and the method intend to be followed for promoting the services has to be designed and implemented in an effective manner. The factors related to the marketing strategies in the international market have to be analyzed as this will help in improving the performance. The unavoidable structural changes have affected the process of the conduct of the tourism industry. In this method, the factors related to the macro and micro environmental issues have been analyzed. Through this method, an attempt has been made to provide the best possible services to the clients. In this process, the factors that can cause transformation within the industry are analyses. This is done with an intention of analyzing the global requirements and handling the uncertain changes through which the product or the process for promoting the tourism industry can be developed. The process includes promoting the social cultural factors which is one of the major factors that attract the international travellers. In this process, the technological change and it is important has to be analyzed. This would help in improving the performance and analyzing the challenges that can affect the business performance. The services are associated with providing with better information throug h which they intended changes could be introduced by the maturities. The challenges with the marketing process and the methods intended to be followed for marketing the services has to be analyzed. Through this method or process, it is possible for the authorities to develop positive and effective communication process which will enable to reach out to maximum number of clients (Dwyer Forsyth, 2008). Conclusion Marketing and promotional activities for the tourism industry is quite an important factor. Through this method, the management attempts to introduce better strategies through which the changes within the industry can be analyzed and implemented. The future goals and expectations are analyses, as this would help in introducing the changes that are considered to be essential for promoting the tourism industry. In this method, the challenges are analyses, and corrective measures are introduced by the management to handle the issues. Through this process, the corrective measures can be implemented by the management. This will help in promoting the services. References Abrate, G., Fraquelli, G., Viglia, G. (2012). Dynamic pricing strategies: Evidence from European hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 160-168. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.06.003 Becerra-Fernandez, I., Gonza lez, A., Sabherwal, R. (2004). Knowledge management: challengers, solutions and technologies. London, UK: Prentice Hall Buhalis D, 2000. Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism Management 21 (2000) 97}116 Viewed on 27th April, 2015 Canina, L., Kim, J., Ma, Q. (2010). What We Know About MA Success a Research Agenda for Lodging Industry. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 51(1), 81-101. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.1177/1938965509354448 Cavlek, N. (2002). Tour operators and destination safety. Annals of Tourism Research, 29, 478496. Cetron, M. (2001). The world of today and tomorrow: the global view. In A. Lockwood, S. Medlik (Eds.), Tourism and hospitality in the 21st century. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Dwyer, L. (2005). Relevance of triple bottom line reporting to achievement of sustainable tourism: a scoping study. Tourism Review International, 9(1), 7994. Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P. (2008). Climate change policies, long haul air travel and tourism. Proceedings of 18th international research conference of CAUTHE. Ellyard, P. (2006). Societal changes impacts and opportunities for tourism. Tourism futures conference 21st century responses to 21st century realities Evans, N., Campbell, D., Stonehouse, G. (2006). Management for Travel and Tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Goldblatt, D., Perraton, J., Held, D., McGrew, A., Anthony, A. (2006). Global transformations: politics, economics and culture. Cambridge: Polity Press. Gustavo N, 2013. Marketing Management Trends in Tourism and Hospitality Industry: Facing the 21st Century Environment. Viewed on 27th April, 2015. Retrieved from https://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijms/article/viewFile/26589/16228 Hall, C. M. (2000). ourism Planning: Policies, processes, relationships. UK: Prentice Hall. Holjevac, I. (2003). A vision of tourism and the hotel industry in the 21st century. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22(2), 129-134. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4319(03)00021-5 IPCC. (2007). Summary for policymakers. In S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, H. L. Miller (Eds.), Climate change 2007: The physical Science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. Kang, K., Stein, L., Heo, C., Lee. (2012). Consumers willingness to pay for green initiatives of the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), 546-572. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.08.001 Kotler, P., Kartaya, H., Setiawan, I. (2010). Marketing 3.0 - From Products to Customers to the Human Spirit. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Lusensky, J. (2011). Sounds Like Branding: Use the Power of Music to Turn Customers into Fans. London: A C Black Publishers. Marsden, P. (2011). F-commerce; Selling on Facebook, The Opportunity for Consumer Brands. Syzygy White Paper. Retrieved Jun 12, 2012 from https://socialcommercetoday.com/documents /Syzygy_2011.pdf McCarhty, L., Stock, D., Verma, R. (2010). How Travelers Use Online and Social Media Channels to Make Hotel-choice Decisions. Cornell Hospitality Report, 10(18), 5-18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1938965512445161 Slattery, P. (2009). The Otus theory of hotel demand and supply. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(1), 113-120. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2008.06.005 Stern, N. (2006). Stern review on the economics of climate change. An Independent Review for The Treasury, United Kingdom Government. Accessed on 18.11.06 from. https://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/. Taylor, G., Chesworth, N. (2005). Travel Styles. In Theobald, W. (Ed.), Global Tourism (pp. 294-308). London: Butterworth-Heinemann. Tranter, K., Stuart-Hill, T., Parker, J. (2009). An Introduction to Revenue Management for the Hospitality Industry - Principles and Practices for the Real World. New Jersey: Pearson Education. Yeoman, I. (2008). Tomorrows Tourist: Scenarios Trends. Oxford: Elsevier. Yeoman, I., Rebecca, T., Mars, M. (2012). 2050: Tomorrows Tourism. Bristol: Channelview

Yukio Mishima, The Temple of the Golden Pavilion, an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Yukio Mishima, The Temple of the Golden Pavilion, trans. Ivan Morris. The Temple of the Golden Pavilion by Yukio Mishima was based on a real life incident. This particular incident happened in Japan in the year of 1950. It was by that time that the Zen temple of Kinkakuji was burned to the ground by one of their acolytes. Originally, the acolyte's plan was to die along with the temple but he changed his mind after seeing the fire. This is the main incident which Mishima used as the building block for his story. The protagonist in the story is Mizoguchi. He was studying so that he would one day become a Zen Buddhist monk in the temple. Mizoguchi became afflicted with an awful stammer. This particular affliction occurred after he witness his mother having a sexual intercourse with another man in front of his dying father. Mizoguchi is unattractive and his speech impediment only added more to his estrangement with others as was reflected on page 5 of the book (Mishima, p.5). Need essay sample on "Yukio Mishima, The Temple of the Golden Pavilion, trans. Ivan Morris." topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Beauty is one of the elements ever present in the story. Before his father died, he was able to bring Mizoguchi to the Golden Temple and it was upon seeing the temple that Mizoguchi started to cultivate his fixation with its beauty. The main reason why Mizoguchi wanted to be a monk is because he wants to live at the Golden temple so that he would be forever united with the temple's beauty. In spite of the fact that Mizoguchi consume most of his available time appreciating and admiring the temple's beauty, he still could not seem to find peace with himself. For him, the temple's beauty mocks and disturbs him since it is an attribute he could not hope to obtain. Students Very Often Tell EssayLab support: Who wants to write paper for me? Essay writers suggest: Here Is Your Life Vest! Essay Company Best Website To Buy College Papers Essay Paper Writing Service Pay Someone To Write My Paper Cheap Self-hatred is also present in the story. Mizoguchi longs for beauty and purity which he could never obtain. Thus, in consequence he came to hate what the temple represents. Eventually, Mizoguchi scorns his very own identity and this is one of the reasons which forced him to do the horrible deed of burning the temple. At the early part of the story the temple served as a haven for him. However, later on the temple consumed him to the point that it always emerge in his thought. One particular example of this was when he went with Kashiwagi on a double date. While Mizoguchi was kissing his date visions of the temple appeared on his mind's eye and this compressed his sexual longings (Mishima). Nihilism is also ever present in the story. In school, Mizoguchi made friends with Kashiwagi. Kashiwagi strongly advocate the idea that knowledge alone could make one's life bearable. He conveyed this particular outlook in life to Mizoguchi by undermining the latter's belief in beauty and its purity. Mizoguchi's friendship with Kashigawa led to his poor performance in school. This in turn, made Mizoguchi all the more estranged from his life in the temple and it was then that he decided to set it on fire. It was only after burning the temple that Mizoguchi was able to know the real meaning of freedom and it was then that he experienced a great desperation to live. Nihilism basically refers to the idea that it is necessary to obliterate the old and bad for the advancement of new and good. Mishima implied that there are some theories in Zen Buddhism which justifies the annihilation of beautiful objects. One good example of this could be found on one Zen story "Nansen Kills a Cat". In the story, a Zen priest slaughters a furry cat so as to illustrate his aloofness from the glamour of beauty. In the story one could say that Mizoguchi was influenced by the infamous Zen commandment. This particular commandment states that once one meet the Buddha he ought to kill him. Only after doing the act could one achieve complete release. Thus, as could be seen Mizoguchi's action seems to be a rational extension of Zen's strain of the nihilistic attitude I earlier described in this paper. Works Cited Mishima, Yukio. The Temple of the Golden Pavilion. Vintage, 1994.

Shamanism in Human Consciousness Essay

Shamanism in Human Consciousness Essay Shamanism in Japanese Culture Essay Example Shamanism in Japanese Culture Essay Example After analyzing several sources, the definition of shamanism, which is most often found in scientific literature and reference books, can be comprehended. Shamanism is one of the earliest forms of religion based on the belief in the existence of spirits that inhabit the surrounding world. This transcendental practice involves a special intermediary – the shaman, who was elected by the spirits. Thus, he is able to establish connection between these spirits and people through immersion in a trance. However, there is still no uniformity in the definition of shamanism. Moreover, the age of shamanism also remains ambiguous since it varies from the Paleolithic Era to the Middle Ages. Until now there are discussions about the location of shamanism: some believe that it is practiced only in Siberia, Central Asia, and Northern Europe; others argue that it is spread almost over the whole world, particularly Asia, North and South America, Africa, and the Caucasus. In Europe, the first in formation about shamans appeared in the notes of travelers, diplomats, and researchers in the XVII century. During the XVIII-XIX centuries, the number of researches and literature about them was constantly growing. In the XX century, interest in shamanism did not disappear, but intensified. This paper will define the terms of the basic concepts that constitute the essence of a complex multifaceted phenomenon of shamanism. Furthermore, it will reveal its reflection in the ancient traditions of healing, rituals, trance, unusual states of consciousness, as well as its integration in modern Japan. Etymology of the Term The term â€Å"shamanism† is widespread in many languages. According to one of the versions, the word â€Å"shaman† is derived from the Sanskrit  «Ã…›ramaá ¹â€¡a ». It means a wandering hermit or ascetic spiritual seeker, which primarily embodies traditions of ancient India. Along with Buddhism, the term has spread across Asia and penetrated Russian and Western languages. According to the other version, the word â€Å"shamanism† has a primordial Tungus-Manchurian origin. Every nation has its own names for shamans, which can vary even in one nation depending on the functions and categories of shaman. However, a man was called shaman in any society if he was a mediator chosen by spirits and had the ability to see the other reality and travel in it. Time of Occurrence of Shamanism The occurrence of shamanism cannot be determined accurately. The time of occurrence of Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam is determined fairly accurately because those religions are connected with the dates of life of their original founders and preachers. Shamanism does not have such a starting point. Perhaps, it arose many times in each part of the world at different times and in various ways. Currently, there is evidence that peoples who lived in Western Europe, particularly in France, knew shamanism. In France, a cave of Three Brothers (Trois Frà ¨res) was discovered. On its walls, there are several images from the Upper Paleolithic period. Among others, there is the earliest known image of a shaman, which depicts a figure of a dancing man with an animal skin draped over his shoulders, deer antlers on his head, and a horses tail. Similar images are often found in Asia and Africa. Who Becomes a Shaman The term professional shaman can be found in modern scientific literature. This suggests that a shaman is a profession. Those who believe in shamanism argue that its practitioner inherits a special gift from his ancestors, more often on the maternal than on the paternal side. Moreover, the shaman must be chosen by the spirits. The spirits of ancestors or spirits that inhabit the surrounding mountains, passes, forests, lakes, and rivers choose a particular person to be an intermediary between them and people. In cases when people have some difficulties or troubles (these can be illnesses, loss of property, death of a loved one, or any strange phenomena) or, on the contrary, when the spirits blame people (for example, for intrusion into the habitats of the spirits, or misperformance of sacrifice), the shaman acts as an intermediary, making people and imploring the spirits to do what is necessary. However, an individual must pass an initiation ritual and undergo testing before he acquir es the shamanic power that can make people and spirits obey him. The ritual can last from several months to several years. Outwardly, it is manifested in the form of acts that are incomprehensible for other people. A young shaman can be often considered a mentally ill person. The Concept of Trance or Ecstasy The shaman communicates with the spirits in a trance state. The French term â€Å"trance† is interpreted as stupefaction, detachment, and self-hypnosis. Another term â€Å"ecstasy† can be used to describe the condition in which the shaman acts. This Greek word means frenzy and enthusiasm, a special state that is inherent in poets and seers. Those who observe the behavior of the shaman during the ritual notice such things as convulsions, bulging eyes, froth at the mouth, fainting, and seizures. However, as a rule, during the trance the shaman does not lose connection with people who are present at the session. He often explains where he is currently located, and what he sees. The shaman uses self-hypnosis, concentrates his will, and mobilizes his mental and physical powers in order to achieve the state of trance. There is no doubt that a tambourine, from which the shaman extracts different sounds, plays an important role in the shamanic ritual. The shaman often sings to the beat. Some shamans take hallucinogens, substances that can cause hallucinations and contribute to offensive of trance. Shaman’s Doubles The shaman has so-called compulsory items, which accompany his actions. They are tambourine, costume, and shamanic tree. Each item has its purpose and function. Shaman’s tambourine is not just a musical instrument. In shamanic practice, it is considered a rideable animal, a deer or a horse, which carries the shaman to the world of the spirits. According to other traditions, a tambourine was conceptualized as a boat on which the shaman sails the mythical river of time. After shaman’s death, his tambourine is not hereditary. It is believed that the power of the owner does not die with him but continues to live, being enclosed in his tambourine. The second shaman’s double is his power suit. The full shamanic costume includes a coat, pants, boots, gloves, a hat, as well as a bandage with slits for eyes, which resembles a soft mask over the face. The shaman cannot obtain an entire suit immediately. He receives each part gradually as soon as he proves his proficiency in communicating with spirits. Spirits give their permission for the shaman to gain another item of the costume. It is believed that the shamans outfit, similar to his tambourine, is related to his soul and life. Finally, the third shaman’s double is a shamanic tree. The practitioner chose it himself. According to shamanistic mythology, the spirits of birds sit on the shamanic tree. At the request of the shaman, they can fly into the afterworld and learn everything that interests him. Everything is interconnected and spiritualized in the shamans world. He is a living person, and his tambourine, suit, and tree are also living creatures. The shaman addr esses to the spirit world with their help, and the spirits move into his body through their intermediation. The Shamanistic Practice and Theory The shaman performs complex rituals in order to heal sick people, introduce the child’s soul into the barren woman, change the weather, and a plenty of other actions. The religious scholars name these actions a shamanic practice. Furthermore, there is a special shamanic theory. Many scientists affirm the existence of an exceptional shamanic worldview. The most important components of it are the following: The whole world is spiritualized. Everything that surrounds us, the forests, fields, mountains, rivers, lakes, trees and even stones, is inhabited by spirits who can help a person if he or she performs a special ritual. However, they can also do much harm if they are forgotten and accidentally or intentionally insulted. A man is not a wreath of creation, but only a part of this world. The appearance of a man is just a shell that can be changed. The stories of people turning into a bear, fish, deer, birds, marine animals have their origins in this belief. The insuperable boundary between the world of the living and the dead does not exist. The shaman’s ability to pass through this line in any direction is considered unconditional. Moreover, it is believed that the shaman can restore the soul of the deceased person and regain his life. These features can be considered as the basis for a general shamanic worldview. Shamanism in Modern Japan Japanese shamanism, as we know it today, is different from shamanism in the strict sense. Primarily, it is a technique of spirit possession of the dead, which is practiced by women. Many Japanese shamans are blind from birth. However, they have a wide range of functions and abilities. According Eliade, Trask, and Doniger, the main actions of shamans are the following: â€Å"they can heal illness, interpret dreams, predict the future, and compatibility with husband or wife. Shamans are also able to communicate with the souls of the dead and send them messages from living relatives. They can inform the inquirer about the future happiness and unhappiness or find missing things.† (p. 234) The Role of Shamanism in the Traditions of Healing Shamans play an important role in the healing traditions. Their main function is magical healing. However, in modern society, shamans-healers do not try to take the place of qualified doctors. Their approach to any problem is concentrated on integrity and harmony of a personality. They banish diseases and provide religious cleansing. The methods modern Japanese shamans use are very complex and diverse. However, all these various rituals and beliefs are based on the same idea of injury. It promotes a belief that a persons soul can be separated from his body if he is dazed and shocked by something. According to Eliade, Trask, and Doniger, many shamans state that stealing of the soul is the most common and devastating reason for the huge number of diseases (p. 256). From the shamans perspective, the disease is a consequence of the man’s spiritual captivity. If in shamanic medicine the illness is attributed to the lost or stolen soul from the body, the process of its treatment is aimed at searching for the soul in order to make it return to its place in the body of the patient. The shaman healers catalyze powerful healing powers given to them by nature in their patients with the help of the bright and impressive rituals. The atmosphere of understanding and support, reinforced by drumming, dancing and chanting, as well as state of ecstasy, creates the environment in which the phenomenon of healing occurs. Besides, shamans can ask their god to name a drug that should be used against a specific disease. Shamanistic Rituals and Trance in Modern Japan Nowadays, shamanism almost lost its position, becoming a decorative element of modern Japanese life. Funeral rites of shamanism in Japan can be seen during the folk festivals or national holidays. However, in order to solve complex problems or difficult situations, the Japanese turn to shamans for their help even in contemporary times. During the ritual, shaman communicates with spirits, singing, dancing, and immersing into a trance. The ecstatic state of shaman generated the word ute. According to the American researcher George J. Tanabe, this term is derived from the verb yuyung, which means shake or tremble. The shaman, who does not tremble and shake during the performance of the ritual is considered to be weak, showing no control of his spiritual power(p. 123). Shamanistic ritual contains three main elements. They are the spirit that personifies an object of worship, the person who invokes the spirit and the shaman as a link between them. There are several main rituals, which are performed in modern Japan. They can be aimed at the prosperity and development of a separate village or township, as well as expulsion of evil spirits. As it was mentioned above, the ritual can be also used to cleanse the soul of the sick person. The Role of Shamanism in Human Consciousness and Maintenance of Physical and Mental Health in Modern Japan Despite the seeming primitiveness of the shamanic culture, its consecrate practitioners perfectly understand human psychology and skillfully use the secrets of traditional medicine. They are the guardians of religious and philosophical worldviews of different nations. The shamanic culture is characterized by simultaneous existence of the reality of the primitive life with a number of troubles and worries and the world of spirits, visions, and ecstatic emotional states. Japanese shamans have strongly contributed to the culture and mental strength of the nation. Moreover, some unusual states of mind, inspired by shaman’s activities through the immersion in trance, helped the people to adapt to conditions of hardship, hunger, wars, epidemics, and disasters. Thus, shamans can be considered the psychotherapists who conduct social work, assisting their compatriots in crisis. They are the intermediaries between the internal life of people and their external occupations. Blacker argue s that, modern shamans can handle all the rites of passage: birth, initiation when reaching puberty, marriage and death, as well as rituals of power, which , in fact, are the attempts to increase the capacity of the nation with the help of the powerful forces of nature during hardship, calamities and psychological crisis (p. 231). In everyday life, shamans maintain impact on the psyche of the people within a particular culture, using special tools and procedures during the ritual. This ensures mental stability of people in terms of normal functioning of their consciousness. Over time, in the framework of modernization and technological progress of society, the traditions of shamanism have changed. However, nowadays, people of different professions, education, and social status still seek help from shamans. They obtain relief, advice, and support. Perhaps, this is a simple answer to the question why the tradition of shamanism is still alive.

How to Use In, An or Auf Properly

How to Use In, An or Auf Properly Although German is a straightforward language once you learn the rules, you cant always directly translate every word from English. In fact, the more you study some words, the more confusing they may become. Three German prepositions, in particular, can be tricky for beginners: in, an and auf.   What Is a Preposition? A preposition is a word that is typically paired with a noun (or pronoun, like he or she) that helps you understand that words relationship to another part of the sentence. For example, prepositions can refer to the nouns position in space or time. Like put your feet  under  the table, or go shopping  after  class. But many English prepositions have different meanings. Under can be below, but it can also mean less than. Some prepositions are colloquial or you just have to memorize them, like get down with.   The same goes for German. You can memorize the meanings of the prepositions, but not all will be a direct translation of the English counterpart.   These are all two-way prepositions, meaning the noun/pronoun that follows this  preposition  will be conjugated in the accusative (if it is used to express motion/action, like I walk into the store) or dative (if it is used to express a location or position, like I stand in the street). In English, the preposition does not change the noun/pronoun it precedes.   In Means: in, into, to Examples: Ich stehe in der Straße. (I stand in the street.) Die Frau ist in der Universitt. (The woman is in the university, as in she is physically inside the university building. If you want to say you are enrolled in the university, you say, an der  Universitt, as in at the university. See below.)   An Means: at, to, up next to   Examples: Ich sitze an dem Tisch. (I am sitting at the table.) Die Frau ist  an der  Tankstelle. (The woman is at the gas station, as in she is literally standing up next to the vertical gas pump. It can be helpful to think about a side-by-side, vertical encounter to remember when to use an as in up next to.)   Auf Means: on, on top of Examples: Die Backerei ist auf der Hauptstraße. (The bakery is on the main street.) Die Frau ist  auf  der Bank. (The woman is on the bench, as in she is literally sitting on top of the horizontal bench. A horizontal encounter is often key for auf.)   Other Considerations Some verbs come standard with a preposition. Think about hang out or hang up in English; the preposition is an important component of the verb that actually changes the meaning of it.

Alison Bechdel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alison Bechdel - Essay Example The areas of focus are Alison Bechdel, her psychoanalysis ideals, fiction, comic, tale and abstraction. Introduction There remains a common perception among people that fiction has nothing to do about life’s reality. It has nothing to do about the truth, originality which lies with a person’s life (Bechdel). The comic of Alison Bechdel â€Å"are you my mother?† depicts another story. It tells that fiction do have some connection with a man’s life (Bechdel 1-5). The way the fiction gets formed does hold some colors of life of the person describing it in the fictional sense (Bechdel). Alison Bechdel who has come out as one of the popular comic writers in the cartoon comic industry is a woman of fiction bringing certain connections of her inner self and her life experiences in her abstraction. Bechdel’s writing is a demonstration which tells that fiction is a manifestation of life’s reality. It is the reflection of truth and situations which a p erson faces in his or her life periods (Bechdel 1-5). This report is going to assess the comic tale of Alison Bechdel, with an aim to find out that how fiction relates to reality (Martin). Themes here to analyze are psychoanalysis, psychodrama, fiction, comic tale and art respectively. Based on the derived thesis statement â€Å"fiction is an added color to life† and analyzing â€Å"Are you my Mother?† the report will draw certain findings, results and conclusion (Kothari). Method Adapted In cotemporary research studies, there are different methods being adapted to conduct the research. In the field of psychology, art and social sciences several authors have adapted the method of secondary research (Kothari). Secondary research is a research based on secondary sources (books, journals, news articles and periodicals), providing an explorative ground to the researcher to make the research apprehensive. In viewing the contemporary literature in arts and literature, the re searcher has adapted thematic secondary research method to analyze the Alison Bechdel’s art comic fiction effectively (Bechdel). This method adapted has made the researcher to explore several secondary sources, providing a closer and critical view on â€Å"Are you my Mother?† This method adapted will possibly lead to conclusive findings describing the comic drama in a more comprehensive way (Kothari 95). Results and Discussion The comic drama â€Å"Are you my Mother?† of Alison Bechdel opens up with the first chapter of the book in which Bechdel emphasizes on her inner eloquence that she had kept secret throughout her life’s journey (Garner 3-5). This was a book which Bechdel kept on emphasizing- an inner expression that had endured Bechdel from inside and throughout her life period (Luban 1-2). In the opening chapter when Bechdel was in conversation with her analyst, she expressed that her mother has been a looming psychic presence in her mind (Bechdel). She wanted to bring her out by writing a book which describes the story of her mother and the relationship with her as a growing daughter. Bechdel’s mother was like an ordinary mother as the comic drama explains but the relationship she kept with Bechdel was majorly different from her other children (Luban 2-3). The drama explains that when Bechdel was seven years old, her mother stopped kissing her to the good night bed. It was something disappointing for the child and definitely something which made Bechdel disturbed from inside. As â€Å"Are you my Mothe

Total cost minimization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Total cost minimization - Essay Example These activities relate to different fields of engineering including Textile Engineering, Chemical Engineering, and Agricultural Engineering. One field of engineering that has been very dominating in all ages is the Civil Engineering. There have been unique ways and standards of construction throughout the history. Examples include carved caves to make space for living made by a nation who perished away many centuries ago, the Egyptian Pyramids whose construction reached its apogee â€Å"with the Great Pyramid of Khufu† (Freudenrich, 2012, p. 1), and Taj Mehal made by the Mughal Emperor Shahjehan, to Burj-Al-Arab that is the emblem of civilization and technological power of the present age. A detailed study of the engineering of the past and that of now suggests that man has always practiced the most complicated engineering methods to develop sophisticated and unique structures. The fundamental factor that has changed the most between the engineering of the past and the engine ering of the present age is the ways of construction. Manual work has been increasingly replaced by machines. As a result of this, more work can be achieved now and of higher quality in lesser time unlike the past, when it took several months or even years of uninterrupted labor and yet, the finishing would understandably be not very fine. With the advancement of technology, revolutionary changes have occurred in all fields of engineering and for the most part, the changes have been for the better. Changes in Automotive Engineering Since it is integrally linked with technology, there have occurred revolutionary changes in the automotive engineering over the centuries as a result of increase in the pace of development of technology. Presently, a lot of research is being conducted to improve the competitiveness in the automotive industry on the global scale. The academia-industry linkage is playing a special role in it. For example, presently, the focus of the researchers at Loughboro ugh University is to develop radical and innovative technologies of automation to provide the companies working in the automation industry with different kinds of business advantages. A potential example of this is the business driven automation (BDS) project. â€Å"In this fast-moving sector, the ability to change automated assembly and production systems quickly and efficiently, at minimal cost and risk across multiple global locations, is vital† (lboro.ac.uk, 2012). The contemporary automation systems are complicated in terms of service, integration, optimization, and reconfiguration. Benefits of Cost Minimization Cost minimization is frequently used in the process of product design and introduction into the market in order to bring the cost down and increase the profitability of business. As the name implies, this technique minimizes the costs. Cost minimization is extensively used in many fields in general and pharmacoeconomics in particular as a tool to compare differen t drugs that have equal tolerability and efficacy. In the study of cost-minimization, the individual needs to identify and compare all costs that are incurred in the process of therapeutic intervention so that the most cost-effective alternative can be selected from among the interventions of equal tolerability and efficacy. The concept of cost-minimization can be extended to the manufacturing industries that have

Arthur Conan Doyle Essay Example for Free

Arthur Conan Doyle Essay A critical account of The Speckled Band and The Engineers Thumb by Arthur Conan Doyle  In the story of The Speckled Band a woman called Helen Stoner arrives at Holmes rooms in a state of terror. She is the stepdaughter of Dr Grimesby Roylott, a violent man who spent five years in India and associates only with gipsies, and has such exotic pets as a baboon and a cheetah. Helens mother is now dead, and two years previously her sister died in mysterious circumstances: a strange whistling disturbed her in her sleep for some nights, and on the night of her death she appeared transfixed, able only to shriek, the speckled band! she had been about to marry and now Helen is planning to do the same; her stepfather has moved her to her sisters bedroom next to his and the whistling has recurred. Despite a warning from the maniacal Dr Roylott, Holmes and Watson head for Stoke Moran, examine the house and wait the night in Helens bedroom. Holmes deduction proves correct: Dr Roylott sends a swamp adder (the speckled band) through a ventilator to kill Helen, Holmes cane drives it back and the murderer is poisoned. The main characters in the story consist of: Helen stoner who is the main client. She arrives at Sherlock Holmes rooms in Baker Street to ask him for help. The character of Helen Stoner sets the tone of the story: shivering with fear, her face all drawn and grey, with restless frightened eyes, like those of some hunted animal. She is obviously a sensible and levelheaded woman: therefore there must be a reason for her terror. The character of Sherlock Holmes in the story appears to be that of an appealing eccentric. In this story he uses his powers of deduction to identify minute details with which to solve the final mystery, for instance he knew you must have started early, and yet you had a good drive in a dog cart, along heavy roads before you reached the station. Through the story he displays elements of humour, after doctor Roylott threatened with a poker he replies, he seems a very amiable person. Subtly alluring to his own physical power by, he picked up the steel poker and with a sudden effort straightened it out again. Whilst examining the premises of Stoke Moran, he threw himself down upon his face with his lens in his hand, and crawled swiftly backwards and forwards, examining minutely the crack between the boards. This illustrates Holmes minute attention to detail. Dr Watson is the ideal narrator of this story. His ability to perceive and describe details is as important as his inability to deduce from them what Holmes can. He says, Holmes, I seem to see dimly what you are hitting at, after Holmes had described the position of the ventilator and the rope. The relationship between Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson is one of an intimate friend and associate. In contrast to Holmes, Dr Watson makes the sensible deductions and assumption of the of the ordinary intelligent man. He is portrayed as an amiable man as well as the devoted recorder of Holmes achievements. A vivid description is built up of Dr Roylott by the description of Helen stoner. We know that he came from an aristocratic background. However successive heirs had squandered the money. After taking a medical degree he went to India, where he spent some time in prison from murdering a native servant. She describes his violence of temper approaching to mania.  We are also told that he likes to associate with gypsies and also keeps exotic animals, for example, a cheetah and a baboon. In another passage Dr Roylott enters Holmes room and is described as a huge man with a face marked with every evil passion. He is said to resemble a fierce old bird of pray. We are led also to believe that Dr Roylott is violent towards his Stepdaughter when Homes sees burses on her wrists. The story is set during the Victorian era with the backdrop of the decaying grandeur of Stoke Moran this help this links closely to the character of Dr Roylott as a fallen aristocrat and also helps to create a mysterious atmosphere. The building was of grey, lichen-blotched stone with a high central portion, and two curving wings, like the claws of a crab, thrown out on each side. In one of these wings the windows were broken, and blocked with wooden boards, while the roof was partly caved in, a picture of ruin.

General Othello in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

     Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare gave us a most moving drama in Othello. In this play we witness the demise of a â€Å"paragon† of a wife and a â€Å"valiant Moor†, Othello. Let us consider the Moor in detail, with professional critical input, in this essay. From the text of the play a number of clues can be gleaned which round out the description of the general. In William Shakespeare: The Tragedies, Paul A. Jorgensen describes the general in Othello: Though scarcely the â€Å"barbarian† (1.3.353) he is called, the Moor is emphatically black, probably rough, even fearsome, in appearance, and a foreign mercenary from Mauritania in refined Venice. Though of royal blood, since the age of seven he had a restrictive, painful life, being sold into slavery and spending most of his life in â€Å"the tented field† (1.3.85). His â€Å"occupation† (3.3.357), to a degree found in no other Shakespearean hero, is war. He can therefore speak of the great world little â€Å"more than pertains to feats of broil and battle† (1.3.87). But that he loves the gentle Desdemona, he would to have given up a life of unsettled war and his â€Å"unhoused free condition / †¦ For the sea’s worth† (1.2.26-27). (58)    The first appearance of the protagonist is in Act 1 Scene2, where Iago is pathologically lying about Brabantio and himself and the ancient’s relations with the general and about everything in general. Othello responds very coolly and confidently to the pressing issue of Brabantio’s mob coming after him: â€Å"Let him do his spite. / My services which I have done the signiory / Shall out-tongue his complaints.† However, Cassio’s party approaches first, with a demand for the general’s â€Å"haste-post-haste appearance† before the Venetian council due to the Turkish attempt on Cyp... ... rises to the occasion and refutes the lies of her husband – at the price of her life. Her martyr-like example inspires Othello to sacrifice his life next to the corpse of Desdemona; for he â€Å"Like the base Judean, threw a pearl away / Richer than all his tribe [. . .] .† He dies a noble death, just as he has lived a noble life. Michael Cassio’s evaluation of his end is our evaluation: â€Å"This did I fear, but thought he had no weapon; / For he was great of heart.†       WORKS CITED    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.    Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985.   

Macpherson Refrigeration Limited

Read the case, and answer the following questions:1.Search in the library (books on Operations Management or Production Management), to find the main components of the â€Å"Aggregate Production Planning† problem and briefly describe which are â€Å"pure strategies† and â€Å"mixed strategies† to solve this problem.The aggregate demand is the total demand for all products/services produced by a production facility without considering size, models, etc., usually there are significant seasonal variations. The objective of the Aggregate Production Plan is to manage production in order to meet the aggregate demand, matching capacity with demand fluctuations.The main components of APP are: external (Market Demand, Economic Conditions, Raw Material Availability and Competitors Behaviors) and internal (Production, Workforce Level, Inventory Level, Subcontracting, Backlog Policy, Physical Plant Capacity, Union Agreement, Capital Limit, among others).The mentioned compone nts can be modified to create production strategies which can be applied to this problem:Pure strategies: Considering one variable at a time to demand fluctuation: 1.Varying Workforce Level (Hiring or Firing). 2.Varying Production Rate (Overtime/Length of Work Hour) 3.Varying Inventory Level (High or Low).Mixed strategies: Considering two or more variables at a time to demand fluctuation: 1.Varying both Workforce Level and Inventory Level. 2. Varying both Production Rate and Inventory Level.2.Find the following parameters of the problem (specify the units involved):Productivity450 app/worker-year Expected for next year: 480 app/worker-year Regular Labour Cost$10.50/hr-worker Overtime Labour Cost1.5 times the regular hourly rate; $15.75/hr-worker Hiring Costs$1,800/worker Layoff Costs$1,200/worker Inventory Holding Costs$8/app-month Initial capacity13,000 app/month Beginning Inventory240 app3) What are the main advantages and disadvantages of each of the actions (page 2, item 6) avai lable to the company to meet demand? How can these actions be combined?1.Building inventory to meet peaks ïÆ' ¼Protection against unforeseen demand changes. ïÆ' ¼Inventory accumulation will be drawn down during peak demand periods. XIn periods of low demand, inventory would be accumulated and it would generate high holding costs.2.Using overtime ïÆ' ¼No inventory carrying costs. ïÆ' ¼Workforce held just to meet average monthly requirements. XExcessive overtime might lead to lower efficiency. XRestricted production might promote poor work habits and low morale.3.Hiring and laying off workers ïÆ' ¼The cheapest alternative. XUnion relations and employee morale could be adversely affected by frequent layoffs. X Hiring and training employees would be a problem (limited labour market).4) Replicate in an Excel spreadsheet, page 4 (Exhibit 1). It's not just to copy the spreadsheet, but to write down the formulas to incorporate the production flow balance. A similar flow balance can be obtained for workers.  There are also formulas to include all the costs involved. Although you may discuss these questions with your team, you must submit your work individually.

The Symptoms of Asthma

Asthma is a chronic (long-term) disease that inflames and narrows the airways. The airways produce extra mucus and breathing becomes difficult. Asthma causes tightness in the chest, shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing. Asthma affects people of all ages but usually starts in childhood. For some people asthma may just be a minor inconvenience for others it is a major problem that interferes with daily activities. Those that have severe asthma could incur a life threatening asthma attack. The symptoms of asthma range from person to person and vary from minor to severe. A person may have symptoms primarily at night, during exercise or when they may be exposed to certain triggers. Some people have asthma symptoms all the time others may have infrequent attacks and between flare-ups feel completely normal and have no trouble breathing. Situations that may induce an asthma flare up are: Exercise-induced asthma occurs during exercise and may be worse when the air is cold and dry, Occupational asthma is caused by breathing irritants such as chemical fumes, gases or dust, Allergy-induced asthma is triggered by particular allergens, such as pollen, molds and pet dander. Asthma is a very common disease. Twenty-two million Americans suffer from asthma, of that six million are children and the number of people being diagnosed grows each year. Factors that may increase your chance of developing asthma are: Having a blood relative (parent or sibling) with asthma, being overweight, being a smoker or exposure to second hand smoke, mother that smoked while being pregnant, low birth weight, exposure to exhaust fumes and other pollution such as chemicals used in farming/harvesting and manufacturing. Having an allergic condition such as allergic rhinitis (hay fever) or atopic dermatitis can also be a factor in having asthma. Other causes or risk factors may be exposure to allergens, certain germs or having some types of bacterial or viral infections. Research on these triggers is required to find out what role they play in developing asthma. Diagnosis of asthma can be difficult. In order to rule out any other conditions such as wheezy bronchitis, pneumonia or reactive airway disease, a doctor can perform a physical exam and ask you questions about your signs and symptoms. Lung (pulmonary) function tests can determine how much air you move in and out of your lungs. Several tests include: A Peak flow meter which measures how hard you can breathe out, Spirometry a test that measures the narrowing of your bronchial tubes by checking the amount of air exhaled after a deep breath and how fast you can breathe out. Other tests that can be done after your initial lung function test is normal are Methacholine challenge and Nitric oxide test. Asthma is an incurable disease that can be controlled by medication. The right medications depend on a number of things, including your age, your symptoms, your asthma triggers and what works best for an individual to keep it under control. Treatment usually involves learning to recognize the triggers and taking steps to avoid them, and tracking your breathing. Prevention and long -term control is the key to preventing asthma attacks.

Rappaccinis Daughter Fall From Grace Essays - Bereshit, Free Essays

Rappaccini's Daughter Fall From Grace Essays - Bereshit, Free Essays Rappaccini's Daughter Fall From Grace Analytical Essay: Rappaccini's Daughter In the literal sense, Nathaniel Hawthorn's Rappaccini's Daughter is the story about the rivalry between two scientists that ultimately causes the destruction of an innocent young woman. However, when the story is examined on a symbolic level, the reader sees that Rappaccini's Daughter is an allegorical reenactment of the original fall from innocence and purity in the Garden of Eden. Rappaccini's garden sets the stage of this allegory, while the characters of the story each represent the important figures from the Genesis account. Through the literary devices of poetic and descriptive diction, Nathaniel Hawthorne conveys the symbolism of these characters, as well as the setting. The story takes place in mid-nineteenth century in Padua, Italy and revolves around two major settings; the mansion of an old Paduan family, and Rappaccini's lush garden. The mansion is described as, high and gloomythe palace of a Paduan noble desolate and ill-furnished This description establishes a dark mood throughout the story. Hawthorne writes, One of the ancestors of this familyhad been pictured by Dante as a partaker of the immortal agonies of his Inferno The allusion of Dante refers to The Divine Comedy and the Inferno describes the souls in Hell. Furthermore, Baglioni converses with Giovanni in this mansion chamber and tries to manipulate him in his attempt to destroy Rappaccini. In a sense, the dark and gloomy mansion symbolizes the domain of evil. The second major setting is the garden. The author uses poetic diction to describe Rappaccini's garden. Hawthorne writes, There was one shrub in particularthat bore a profusion of purple blossoms, each of which had the luster and richness of a gemseemed enough to illuminate the garden, even had there been no sunshinesome crept serpentlike along the ground or climbed on high In this passage, the author depicts the liveliness and beauty of the garden in an almost fantasy-like way, a fantasy too good to be true and destined to end tragically. Hawthorne directly compares this beautiful garden to Eden when he writes, Was this garden, then the Eden of the present world? Thus, Rappaccini's garden symbolizes the setting of the initial fall of man. In Rappaccini's Daughter, the original sinners, Adam and Eve, are represented by Giovanni Guasconti and Beatrice Rappaccini. Giovanni symbolizes Adam in the sense that he is shallow and insincere. When Giovanni first sees Beatrice, he is love struck. Hawthorne uses poetic diction when he writes, the impression which the fair stranger made upon him was as if here were another floweras beautiful as they, more beautiful than the richest of them. This passage describes Giovanni's feelings towards the beautiful Beatrice. However, later we see that Giovanni's love was actually lust when the student discovers that he has been infected by Beatrice. The author writes, Giovanni's rage broke forth from his sullen gloom like a lightning flash out of a dark cloud. 'Accursed one!' cried he, with venomous scorn and anger Giovanni becomes enraged and blames Beatrice of this accidental infection. Similarly, Adam blames Eve of their disobedience when he is confronted by God. Adam does not show compass ion towards his wife but instead, like Giovanni, lashes out with anger against Eve. Hawthorne's critical and unsympathetic tones toward Giovanni are evident when he uses descriptive diction to explain him. Hawthorne writes, his spirit was incapable of sustaining itself at the height to which the early enthusiasm of passion had exalted it; he fell down groveling among earthly doubts, and defiled there with the pure whiteness of Beatrice's image. In this passage, Hawthorne shows that Giovanni's love was actually lust and his tone toward Giovanni is critical. In contrast, Hawthorne portrays sympathetic and reverent tones towards Beatrice. The author uses poetic diction to describe the beautiful young woman. He writes, arrayed with as much richness of taste as the most splendid of the flowersbloom so deep and vivid that one shade more would have been too muchredundant with life, health, and energy Beatrice is described as a part of nature and vivacious. She has been isolated from the wo rld and the world she lives in only consists of the garden. She has a child like innocence and is very nave. She even states, I

King Richard I, the Lionheart, of England, Crusader

King Richard I, the Lionheart, of England, Crusader King Richard I, the Lionheart (September 8, 1157–April 6, 1199) was an English king and one of the leaders of the Third Crusade. He is known both for his military skill and the neglect of his realm because of his long absence. Fast Facts: Richard I the Lionheart Known For:  Helped lead the Third Crusade, monarch of England from 1189 to 1199Also Known As:  Richard CÅ“ur de Lion, Richard the Lionheart, Richard I of EnglandBorn:  September 8, 1157 in Oxford, EnglandParents: King Henry II of England and Eleanor of AquitaineDied:  April 6, 1199 in Chà ¢lus,  Duchy of AquitaineSpouse: Berengaria of NavarreNotable Quote: We, however, place the love of God and His honour above our own and above the acquisition of many regions. Early Life Born September 8, 1157, Richard the Lionheart was the third legitimate son of King Henry II of England. Often believed to have been the favorite son of his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Richard had three older siblings, William (who died in infancy), Henry, and Matilda, as well as four younger: Geoffrey, Lenora, Joan, and John. As with many English rulers of the Plantagenet line, Richard was essentially French and his focus tended to lean toward the familys lands in France rather than England. Following the separation of his parents in 1167, Richard was invested duchy of Aquitaine. Revolt Against Henry II Well-educated and of dashing appearance, Richard quickly demonstrated skill in military matters and worked to enforce his fathers rule in the French lands. In 1174, encouraged by their mother, Richard and his brothers Henry (the Young King) and Geoffrey (Duke of Brittany) rebelled against their fathers rule. Responding quickly, Henry II was able to crush this revolt and captured Eleanor. With his brothers defeated, Richard submitted to his fathers will and asked for forgiveness. His greater ambitions checked, Richard turned his focus to maintaining his rule over Aquitaine and controlling his nobles. Shifting Alliances Ruling with an iron fist, Richard was forced to put down major revolts in 1179 and 1181–1182. During this time, tensions again rose between Richard and his father when the latter demanded that his son pay homage to his older brother Henry. Refusing, Richard was soon attacked by Henry the Young King and Geoffrey in 1183. Confronted by this invasion and a revolt of his own barons, Richard was able to skillfully turn back these attacks. Following the death of Henry the Young King in June 1183, Richards father King Henry II ordered John to continue the campaign. Seeking aid, Richard formed an alliance with King Philip II of France in 1187. In return for Philips assistance, Richard ceded his rights to Normandy and Anjou. That summer, upon hearing of the Christian defeat at the Battle of Hattin, Richard took the cross at Tours with other members of the French nobility. Victory and Becoming King In 1189, Richard and Philips forces united against Henry II and won a victory at Ballans in July. Meeting with Richard, Henry agreed to name him as his heir. Two days later, Henry died and Richard ascended to the English throne. He was crowned at Westminster Abbey in September 1189. Following his coronation, a rash of anti-Semitic violence swept through the country as Jews had been barred from the ceremony. Punishing the perpetrators, Richard immediately began making plans to go on a crusade to the Holy Land. Going to extremes to raise money for the army, he finally was able to assemble a force of around 8,000 men. After making preparations for the protection of his realm in his absence, Richard and his army departed in the summer of 1190. Dubbed the Third Crusade, Richard planned to campaign in conjunction with Philip II and Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire. The Crusade Begins Rendezvousing with Philip at Sicily, Richard aided in settling a succession dispute on the island, which involved his sister Joan, and conducted a brief campaign against Messina. During this time, he proclaimed his nephew, Arthur of Brittany, to be his heir, leading his brother John to start planning a revolt at home. Moving on, Richard landed in Cyprus to rescue his mother and his future bride, Berengaria of Navarre. Defeating the islands despot, Isaac Komnenos, he completed his conquest and married Berengaria on May 12, 1191. Pressing on, he landed in the Holy Land at Acre on June 8. Shifting Alliances in the Holy Land Arriving in the Holy Land, Richard gave his support to Guy of Lusignan, who was fighting a challenge from Conrad of Montferrat for the kingship of Jerusalem. Conrad was in turn backed by Philip and Duke Leopold V of Austria. Putting aside their differences, the Crusaders captured Acre that summer. After taking the city, problems again arose as Richard contested Leopolds place in the Crusade. Though not a king, Leopold had ascended to the command of Imperial forces in the Holy Land after the death of Frederick Barbarossa in 1190. After Richards men pulled down Leopolds banner at Acre, the Austrian departed and returned home in anger. Soon after, Richard and Philip began arguing in regard to the status of Cyprus and the kingship of Jerusalem. In poor health, Philip elected to return to France leaving Richard without allies to face Saladins Muslim forces. Battling Saladin Pushing south, Richard defeated Saladin at Arsuf on September 7, 1191, and then attempted to open peace negotiations. Initially rebuffed by Saladin, Richard spent the early months of 1192 refortifying Ascalon. As the year wore on, both Richard and Saladins positions began to weaken and the two men entered into negotiations. Knowing that he could not hold Jerusalem if he took it and that John and Philip were plotting against him at home, Richard agreed to raze walls at Ascalon in exchange for a three-year truce and Christian access to Jerusalem. After the agreement was signed on September 2, 1192, Richard departed for home. Returning to England Shipwrecked en route to England, Richard was forced to travel overland and was captured by Leopold in December. Imprisoned first in Dà ¼rnstein and then at Trifels Castle in the Palatinate, Richard was largely kept in comfortable captivity. For his release, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI demanded 150,000 marks. While Eleanor of Aquitaine worked to raise the money for his release, John and Philip offered Henry VI 80,000 marks to hold Richard until at least Michaelmas 1194. Refusing, the emperor accepted the ransom and released Richard on February 4, 1194. Returning to England, Richard quickly forced John to submit to his will but did name his brother as his heir, supplanting his nephew Arthur. With the situation in England in hand, Richard returned to France to deal with Philip. Death Constructing an alliance against his former friend, Richard won several victories over the French during the next five years. In March 1199, Richard laid siege to the small castle of Chalus-Chabrol. On the night of March 25, while walking along the siege lines, he was struck in the left shoulder by an arrow. Unable to remove it himself, he summoned a surgeon who took out the arrow but severely worsened the wound in the process. Shortly thereafter, gangrene set in and the king died in his mothers arms on April 6, 1199. Legacy Richard has a mixed legacy, as some historians point to his military skill and the daring necessary to go on crusade, while others emphasize his cruelty and neglect for his realm. Though king for 10 years, he only spent around six months in England and the remainder of his reign in his French lands or abroad. He was succeeded by his brother John. Sources Dafoe, Stephen. â€Å"King Richard I – The Lionheart.†Ã‚  TemplarHistory.com.â€Å"History - King Richard I.†Ã‚  BBC, BBC.â€Å"Medieval Sourcebook: Itinerarium Peregrinorum Et Gesta Regis Ricardi: Richard the Lionheart Makes Peace with Saladin, 1192.†Ã‚  Internet History Sourcebooks Project.

Civil and Criminal law in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Civil and Criminal law in the UK - Essay Example It is impractical to make selection of differences between criminal and civil law unless guided by a selected application of the two laws like safety in work place (Harr 2008). Nevertheless, it is impossible to analyze application of these two laws in relation to work place safety without first understanding the two concepts. A critical analysis of the major differences and similarities of the two laws will be articulated accordingly. The main feature of civil law is that it is contained in civil codes, which are illustrated as systematic and authoritative (Maguire 2007). Civil law mainly contains general rules and principals, mostly lacking details. One of the basic features of the civil law is that the court’s major duty is to apply and interpret law enclosed in a code based on case facts (Sanders 2010). This is in light with the assumption that the code regulates all cases that could arise, and when certain cases are not synchronized by the code, the court ought to apply some of the general principles used to fill the gap (Foster 2005). It is concerned with the rights and duties of individuals and institutions towards each other (Omerod 2008). The main feature of the offences focuses on negligence on health and safety of individuals (Maguire 2007). Main civil cases comprise of an action brought by a person against another in order to seek compensation for the offences committed against them (Hodge 2009) . Basically, criminal law is concerned with offences against society in general (Farrar and Mitchell 2008). In this law, crimes are defined as actions committed by individuals or institutions which violate the basic rules and principals of the society. In some situations, it becomes difficult to distinguish between criminal and civil law. However, an important feature that distinguishes the two is that in criminal law the means of demonstrating that actually an offense has or was indeed committed gas to be beyond

Essay Convsersion Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Convsersion - Essay Example ngers to know the exact location of the city buses they intend to board, using GPS network, and thus to avoid longer waiting periods in the cold and rain. Our project idea won the competition and our professor for the marketing subject even went to the extent of advising us to propose the idea to the London Transport Authority. Personally, I was in complete agreement with him. Initially all the four of us were fired up with enthusiasm but eventually my colleagues lost interest in pursuing the idea, overcome by heavy school work and imagined bureaucratic hurdles. I followed the herd, killed my own instinct and dropped the idea altogether. In hindsight, as I see the proliferation of GPS applications now, I realize how I have lost a golden opportunity in not pursuing my own instincts – a lesson well learnt from a mistake. Coming to the second episode, after completing undergraduate degree, most of my fellow students were scrambling for jobs and accepting offers that came their way. On the other hand, I was watching with interest the globalization process and the emergence of China on the world economic scene and felt that in this changed scenario, familiarity with the Mandarin language would be of immense help in the coming days. At that time, I had the option either to accept an offer from an investment bank where I had successfully completed internship earlier or to go to Beijing to learn Mandarin, following my inner convictions. I chose the later option and do not regret it. It proved as one of my best self-improvement investments, as I had to deal with Chinese clients both in my earlier stint with a New York investment bank and after joining my family business here in Singapore. Aptly enough, this response follows upon the previously related incidents and has continuity with them. Before joining my present job, I worked for four years in a couple of comfortable jobs in international banking. They had all the fun of high profile jobs – lot of travelling

Menu project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Menu project - Assignment Example chopped fresh red chili without seeds 2 cloves Bunch fresh basil with leaves picked and stalks chopped 1 teaspoon of freshly ground black pepper 1 tablespoon of coriander seeds Sea salt 1 pound of chopped, seeded and cored tomatoes ? cup of soft brown sugar ? cup red wine vinegar Directions Place the vegetables, ginger, olive oil, chili, basil stalks, garlic, cloves and coriander seeds in a saucepan. Season these mixtures with a pinch of salt and the pepper. While often stirring, cook in moderate heat for between 10 and 15 minutes until softening. Add tomatoes and then 1? cups of cold water. Then bring this to boiling and gently simmer until it reduces by about a half. Add basil leaves and whiz using a hand blender and push through sieve twice. Put the sauce in a clean pan and then add the sugar and vinegar. Heat the pan and simmer until it thickens then correct seasoning to taste (see Appendix I). Introduce the ketchup to jars and allow for cooling before tightening the lids (see Ap pendix II). Keep stored in a refrigerator. This should be kept for up to six months. Ingredient Comparison In both the homemade and the Heinz tomato ketchups, natural sources have been used for flavoring. Though Heinz (2013) does not disclose in its ingredients the exact sources of these flavorings, it appreciates that natural flavors were used. On the other hand, the homemade ketchup has the concentrations of the seasonings varied to get the appropriate flavor. Additionally, the powder from coriander seeds has been used for flavoring purposes. While the brown sugar sweetens the homemade ketchup, Heinz does not disclose its sweetener which could be included in one of its ingredients. Nonetheless, it should be appreciated that the tomatoes used contributes to a large extent to the flavor of the ketchup hence the ability to determine the flavor of homemade ketchup by varying the kind of tomatoes used. The major ingredient in both the processed and homemade tomato ketchup is the tomato . This forms the basis of having this food product. However, a difference in the form in which the tomatoes are used would be noticed. The homemade tomato ketchup uses tomatoes in raw form, as would be picked from the farm (Oliver, 2008). These would be sliced and taken through the recipe directions for making the ketchup. But in the processed Heinz tomato ketchup, tomato concentrate made from red ripe tomatoes would be used. This concentrate resembles the product of boiling and gently stirring the initial ingredients as described in the recipe direction for the homemade ketchup. It would also be critical to point out the fact that Heinz particularly uses red ripe tomatoes hence the deep red color of its final product (see Appendix III). But as seen in the recipe, homemade tomato ketchup gives the option of using these red tomatoes or raw tomatoes or the orange ones depending on the desired end product. Furthermore, it would be appreciated that Heinz uses various syrup forms  œ corn syrup and high fructose corn syrup – to achieve the desired viscosity for the final product. These are commercially available syrups. On the other hand, the homemade ketchup makes use of olive oil to achieve the same effect. Finally, while the homemade tomato ketchup has its ingredients well outlined, Heinz generalizes its ingredients. Apart from the natural flavors, it also gives spices as its ingredients (Heinz, 2013). These general terminologies conceal the exact

Roles and Responsibilities in Construction Project

Roles and Responsibilities in Construction Project Task 1. Describe the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in the planning and design phases. Owner An owner is the person who owns the project and has full authority to control the whole project. He is mainly involved in the process for supporting the financial matter for the construction project to go through easily. He has to pay for fees and charges associated with the work. Besides, he has to work together with architect and other consultants to achieve the goal of the construction project Architect Architect monitors the construction of the project to assure that construction is in accordance with the plans and specifications prepared by the architect and approved by the Owner and Contractor. He has to engage in inspection and completion of the building process for the designing and supervising of the building work which the architect has full control of the proceedings. Lender The person or entity engaged by the lender to independently check and verify that the progress of construction conforms to the plans, specifications and Contract Documents in order to permit construction loan payments to the contractor. His responsibility is not to the Owner but to the lender to assure the lender that the lender is paying for true construction costs and to assure lender priority. Facility Manager Facility Manager is mainly involving in the development of master plans for facilities and properties as well as budget projections for proposed projects. He frequently serves as lease managers for the owner’s rental properties and is charged with tenant relations. His responsibility might include space planning, utilization studies, and space inventory and allocations. In addition, he might be in charge of minor capital projects in the same location as contracted work and services. Estimating Engineer Estimating engineer has the responsibility for pricing building work in accordance with tender documents and to assist management in their submission of a tender to the client or architect. This includes a report on the project in hand and a summary of project details and a note of any matters of concern. Planner The builder’s planner is responsible for selecting the most cost and time effective method of carrying out the work, programming each activities of work in a coordinate order so as to provide continuity of work primary for the builder’s operations establishing labour and plant requirements providing details of site requirements such as staffing and the proposed layout of the site. Ref > CSI Construction Contract Administration Practice Guide Task 2 Describe the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in the construction phases. Project Manager Project Manager is the person who has the responsibility for ensuring that the Project Team completes the project. The Project Manager develops the Project Plan with the team and manages the team’s performance of project tasks. It is also the responsibility of the Project Manager to secure acceptance and approval of deliverables from the Project Sponsor and Stakeholders. The Project Manager is responsible for communication, including status reporting, risk management, escalation of issues that cannot be resolved in the team, and, in general, making sure the project is delivered in budget, on schedule, and within scope. The Quantity Surveyor The Quantity Surveyor provides the client with advice on building costs and contractual matters throughout the building process, in addition, acts as a consultant to the architect. He also supports for the preparing the tender documentation, receiving and analyzing tenders and preparing the tender report for the client and recommendations for approval. Consulting engineer Consulting engineer is responsible to the architect for the design of certain parts of the project and provide information that will assist the quantity surveyor with his financial reporting. He is involved in the work carried out by nominated sub-contractor. Health and Safety Inspector Health and Safety Inspector is employed by the health and safety law enforcement agency to ensure that the construction project site has to follow the safety regulations and codes of practice relating to the Health and Safety at Work act are observed on the building sites. Construction Workers Construction workers are different according to their different fields. They are a very special breed of worker. They own their specific jobs, duties and responsibilities in the construction sites. They have to follow the client to achieve their functions. Ref > Construction Project Management ( Peter Fewings) Task 3(a) Describe the corporate and personal responsibilities of all parties in construction. Construction Company with shareholders is to make up an important decision they have to hold a meeting with partners. For important projects, the partners vote for the decision and the outcome is carried out by the project manager. Project manager plays an important role in construction business because he is entrusted the goal of project by the board of directors. He has to make small decisions on his own to reach the goal and report the outcomes to the board of director at regular meetings. As for the sole owner, every goals and decisions has to make by himself. And he needs to do all the job as a manager. But the goals and strategies can be changed according to the situation by the owner. (b) Evaluate the differences between these responsibilities. Owner Owner is the one who owns the whole construction site and supports money to build his building with his desire organization. He settles the project completion date which governs the scheduling of work for both the designer and contractor. He should set priorities for the components that make-up the project. The Design Organization The design organization assists a design schedule of the owner’s schedule. In the schedule, there is a prioritization of work in accordance with the owner’s needs and should be developed with extensive input from all designers who will have principal roles in the design process. The Construction Contractor The construction contractor must develop a schedule for all construction activities in accordance with the contract documents. It should include procurement and delivery of materials to the job, coordination of labor and equipment on the job, and interface the work of all sub-contractors. The objective of the construction schedule should be to effectively manage the work to procedure the best quality project for the owner. The purpose of construction scheduling should not be to settle disputes related to project work but to manage the project in the most efficient manner. Project Manager The role of the project manager is the monitoring and controlling the all aspects of a project and the motivation of all those involved to achieve the project objectives on time and to cost, performance and quality. He also acts on behalf of the Client to direct the Design Team and ensure that they have the appropriate information and understanding to effectively execute the project. Besides, he manages the construction team performance of project tasks according to the Project Plan. Architect The responsibility of an architect is to prepare construction drawings and specifications. Sometimes, he lodges the planning application and building warrants in co-ordination with the rest of the team. He acts as the leader of the rest of the design team to the client’s requirements design. In addition, he will define client’s requirements, arrange site investigations, establish the preferred solution, develop the design, prepare room data sheets and advice on materials selection, etc. Structural Engineer The responsibility of the Structural Engineer is to design the building structure, including the drainage installation. SE must co-ordinate their design to meet the architect’s design and give advice to client on the most appropriate form of structure for the building. Besides, he also supports cost advice to the Quantity Surveyor involving to all aspects of the building structure. Services Engineer (Mechanical and Electrical Services) The responsibility of the services engineer is to specify and design all the services for mechanical and electrical according to the client requirements. He has to co-ordinate with the Architect and the Structural Engineer to meet the client requirements. Besides, he also supports the cost advice to the Quantity Surveyor as required to allow cost planning and monitoring. In addition, he provides the advice the client to make best decisions in terms of energy use, sustainability, lifecycle costs and relevant â€Å"Green Issues†. The CDM Coordinator (Health and Safety Adviser) The role of the CDM Coordinator is to advise the implementation of the CDM regulations to the client for the project. Health and Safety Adviser co-ordinates the Health Safety aspects of the design work, and co-operate with the other consultants employed on the project. He prepares the Pre-Contract Health and Safety Plan and work with all the other consultants to ensure that Safety is high on the project agenda. Ref > Guide to Procuring Construction Project Task 4. Explain the modern technology(computer system) available to designers, planners and builders Project management Software Project management software assists the group project in planning their routine job easier by taking over from the main team members the drudgery of manual calculation, insertion, modification, tracking, controlling, and change management. All of the project management software provides the complex nature of dependency of events and activities and scheduling of manpower for optimum utilization. Besides, it determines the dispensability for the sake of granting vacation and milestones and deadlines with the maintenance ways. Moreover, it keeps the track of critical path and shifting of criticality and generates the reports on project status for circulation automatically. Photorealistic Rendering 3D/4D model technology can be used for marketing purposes by builder, developer and designer on private projects or to involve in community on public project. Specialist in this technology can offer clear pictures for their customers by wing 3D walkthrough short movie clip. This kind of technology is used to clemonstrate complex geometic that cannot be demonstrated by two dimension technologies. IT plays important role to improve the quality of meeting between owner and project team because it helps the designer to convey their idea very well. Cost Estimating The cost can be estimated by using 3D to generate the quality bills. Moreover, it is possible to make a connection automatically between 3D and cost estimation. Cost Estimating Software needs to update by the user. Analyzing Construction Operations In this process, 4D and 3D can be used by project manager to monitor the progress of work at particular time. This technology makes the sequence and schedule of project construction clear. Moreover, it increases the accuracy of construction operations and reduces the errors. 3D and 4D Model Applications 3D and 4D model is one of the useful technologies that is used in construction as per researchers evaluation within educational or industrial settings. Moreover, these technologies play important role in project construction administration. The starting point for construction is to understand how to use 3D/4D model technologies respectively. Task 5(a) Describe the effect of technological advances on the various phases of construction projects. Nowadays, technologies stand an important rule to facilitate the project in construction projects. The impact of technologies supports to complete the project with low cost, avoid disputes between contractor and owner and without mistakes. It also leads to enhance the performance of worker, increase the productivity and improve safety. The impact of technologies on communication system will be covered in the research that effects on the successful of completing projects. The technology has no limit to stop and day to day new technology adds value to the word in different aspects. It helps to communication between the people in construction, make the decision with increasing speed and automating functions. (b) Analyze the usage of computer system and the development of new materials in the construction projects. Computer Systems Computer systems stand as an incidental tool for the construction. It supports the design and project management to have emphasized numerical calculations and the use of computers will rapidly move towards the more prevalent and difficult problems of planning, communication, design and management. Besides, computerized transfer of information supports to avoid laborious and error-prone transcription of project information. In addition, CAD develops the drawings of the construction project by automating in drawings. It gives accurate the drawing to the point and saves the designers time. Global Positioning Systems GPS surveying instruments measures in 3D (X, Y, and Z planes) that make it easy for the surveyor to take accurate measurements for any point of the area. It receives signals from GPS satellites in terms of longitude, latitude, and elevation (from sea level) along with some other information to give exact measurements. By using the GPS, labor intensive can be reduced in terms of field procedures. GPS is not only useful in surveying but also in setting up of the equipment blades and buckets for the right angel to cut and fill the operations. Total Station A Total Station is a light-weight instrument, integrating the technology of an electronic or digital theodolite, an electronic distance measuring device and a microprocessor in the same unit. It is used for distance and angular measurement, data processing, digital display of point details and data storage in an electronic field book. The digital panel displays the distances, angles, heights and the coordinates of the observed area. A microprocessor applies corrections for the Earths curvature and refraction automatically.